国家航天局布局近地小行星监测体系 筑牢太空安全屏障

一路长红

2026年7月，国家航天局官宣重大航天工程布局，我国将全面构建近地小行星天地协同监测体系，搭建天地一体化预警、监测、防控网络，系统提升近地天体撞击风险防御能力，筑牢地球太空安全屏障，助力我国深空探测和太空安全体系建设。
近地小行星是距离地球轨道较近的天体，部分小行星运行轨道存在与地球交汇的可能，存在潜在撞击风险，对地球生态、人类安全、航天活动安全构成潜在威胁。长期以来，近地天体监测预警是全球航天领域的重点研究课题，也是保障地球安全、开展深空探索的核心基础工程。此前，我国近地小行星监测体系尚未形成规模化、系统化布局，此次专项体系建设将补齐相关领域短板。
据介绍，本次规划建设的天地协同监测体系，融合地面观测网络和太空监测平台双重优势，构建全天候、全覆盖、高精度的小行星监测预警系统。地面层面，将升级全国天文观测站点，优化观测设备，提升小行星定位、追踪、参数测算精度；太空层面，依托各类航天观测卫星、深空探测平台，实现对近地小行星的在轨动态监测，弥补地面观测盲区。
该体系建成后，将实现三大核心功能。一是精准监测，可实时捕捉近地小行星运行轨迹，精准测算天体尺寸、运行速度、轨道参数等核心数据；二是提前预警，对存在撞击风险的小行星提前发出预警，预留充足应急处置时间；三是支撑防控，为小行星偏转、拦截等防御技术研发和实操提供精准数据支撑，构建完整的太空安全防御链条。
业内航天专家表示，近地小行星监测防御体系建设，不仅关乎地球安全防护，更能推动我国深空探测、航天测控、天文观测等领域技术升级，带动航天科技创新发展。未来，我国将持续完善太空安全体系，深化近地天体研究，积极参与全球太空安全治理，为人类共同守护地球家园贡献中国航天力量，助力我国加快建设航天强国。
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